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Jan. 13, 2019

2.13 – Destiny Written in the Stars

2.13 – Destiny Written in the Stars

Year(s) Discussed: 1797-1799

Despite the wealth of evidence coming in of the sincerity of the French Directory in seeking peace, President Adams found himself at odds with his Secretary of State Timothy Pickering at the beginning of 1799 with Pickering continuing the push for war. Meanwhile, the US Navy proved its worth in protecting American shipping in the Caribbean just as relations with the British began a downward spiral once more.

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Season 2 02 - John Adams

Special thanks to Susan Stevenson of the American Epistles podcast for providing this episode’s intro quote!

  • Adams, Abigail. “To John Adams, 4 January 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-03-02-0288. [Last Accessed: 23 Dec 2018]
  • Adams, John. “To Timothy Pickering, 15 January 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-3297. [Last Accessed: 2 Jan 2019]
  • Barlow, Joel. “To George Washington, 2 October 1798,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-03-02-0036. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 16 September 1798 – 19 April 1799, ed. W. W. Abbot and Edward G. Lengel. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 68–72.] [Last Accessed: 6 Jan 2019]
  • Brown, Ralph Adams. The Presidency of John Adams. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1989 [1975].
  • Clarfield, Gerard H. Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy 1795-1800. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1969.
  • Ehrman, John. The Younger Pitt Volume III: The Consuming Struggle. London: Constable & Co, 1996.
  • Landry, Jerry. The Presidencies of the United States. 2018. http://presidencies.blubrry.com.
  • Madison, James. “To Thomas Jefferson, 25 January 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-17-02-0141. [Original source: The Papers of James Madison, vol. 17, 31 March 1797–3 March 1801 and supplement 22 January 1778–9 August 1795, ed. David B. Mattern, J. C. A. Stagg, Jeanne K. Cross, and Susan Holbrook Perdue. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, pp. 220–222.] [Last Accessed: 3 Jan 2019]
  • McCullough, David. John Adams. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
  • Nagel, Paul C. John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1997.
  • Newman, Paul Douglas. Fries’s Rebellion: The Enduring Struggle for the American Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005 [2004].
  • Perkins, Bradford. The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795-1805. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.
  • Pickering, Timothy. “To George Washington, 2 February 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-03-02-0256. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 16 September 1798 – 19 April 1799, ed. W. W. Abbot and Edward G. Lengel. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 355–356.] [Last Accessed: 3 Jan 2019]
  • Schom, Alan. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: HarperCollins, 1998 [1997].
  • Toll, Ian W. Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy. New York and London: W W Norton & Co, 2006.
  • Washington, George. “To John Adams, 1 February 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-03-02-0251. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 16 September 1798 – 19 April 1799, ed. W. W. Abbot and Edward G. Lengel. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 350–351.] [Last Accessed: 6 Jan 2019]

Featured Image: “USS Constellation vs L’Insurgente,” Rear Admiral John William Schmidt [c. 1981], courtesy of Wikipedia